Sistema de lecturas

Ábalos, Iñaki: La belleza en el siglo XXI, en Gausa, Manuel; Devesa, Ricardo (Eds.) (2010): Otra Mirada posiciones contra crónicas. La acción crítica como reactivo en la arquitectura española reciente, Gustavo Gili (págs. 171-175) 171 En la arquitectura contemporánea, aunque no sólo en ella, asistimos a la construcción simultánea de nuevos modelos estéticos, muchos de ellos revisión de los heredados de la modernidad, otros dependientes de los sistemas contemporáneos de pensamiento, otros provenientes de la fascinación por la neomáquina y por la cultura de masas o derivados de los fenómenos sociales y políticos que componen sistemas contradictorios, influidos a menudo por una nostalgia compulsiva del pasado o del futuro. Quizá uno de los factores que introducen más confusión sea que, víctimas aún del puritanismo moderno, muchos son incapaces de articular sus propuestas como lo que son, como puras proyecciones de un modelo estético y ético. Sin embargo, parece más productivo estudiar

446 Appendix 1 Supplement to chapter 3 Definition of wholeness The wholeness, W, is a feature of physical space which appears everywhere, in every part of matter/space. It is, I believe, susceptible to a clear mathematical definition and is characterized by a well-defined mathematical structure. Consider any region of space, R . We may, for convenience, impose a grain or mesh on the space, so that the number of points is considered finite, not infinite. Let us say that R contains n points. In cases which model the real world, there is usually some “coloring” or differentiation of type or character among the n points of R , so that the region has a visible or identifiable structure. The simplest coloring which produces a structure is a coloring in which some points are black, others white. In the two-dimensional case, R would then be a drawing in which we see some particular object. In the case where the coloring is not abstract, but material, points may be assigned la

196 Perspectivas ¿Implica el proceso de creación el uso de energía y de materia en niveles de orden ascendentes? La materia no se destruye, pero el orden puede quedar reducido; ¿es entonces mejor denominar a la destrucción reducción-anticreación? ¿Es exacto y conveniente considerar que la Tierra es un superorganismo único, que los océanos y la atmósfera son orgánicos? ¿Muestran los procesos de creación y de reducción características que los definen y pueden quedar estas incluidas en la negentropía y la entropía? ¿Son la adaptación y el proceso de adaptación medidas de creación en los ecosistemas? Si forma y proceso son simplemente aspectos del fenómeno único del ser, ¿existe una noción de forma intrínseca? Y, por último, ¿son la salud y la enfermedad criterios sintéticos para la creación y la reducción, para la capacidad de adaptación y para la imposibilidad de lograrla? Si es así, tenemos un modelo. Más aún, tenemos criterios. El primero es la negentropía, el aumneot en los niveles

VAN BILSEN, Arthur (2007): Evolutionary Games and Architecture, En SPACEFIGHTER: The Evolutionary City Game, Winy Maas et al. 72 Thomas Schelling’s book The Strategy of Conflict (1960) launched his vision of game theory as a unifying framework for the social sciences (Nobel Prize Committee, 2005). Both topics, the analysis of human interaction and a unifying framework for the social sciences, are relevant to architectural and planning discourse. 72-73 Adaptationism is the paradigm that views organisms as complex adaptive machines whose parts have adaptive functions subsidiary to the fitness-promoting function of the whole. There can be no doubt that game-theoretic analyses work in evolutionary theory. Why for instance, are the Redwood trees so tall? Each tree is looking out for itself, and trying to get as much sunlight as possible. If only they could get together and stop competing with each other for sunlight. But they cannot. Defection from such cooperative agreement is boun

GLASER; STRAUS (1967): The discovery of grounded theory 105 The Constant Comparative Method. We shall describe in four stages the constant comparative method: ( l) comparing incidents applicable to each category, ( 2) integrating categories and their properties, ( 3) delimiting the theory, and ( 4) writing the theory. (...) 1. Comparing incidents applicable to each category. The analyst starts by coding each i.11cident in his data into as many categories of analysis as possible, as categories emerge or as data emerge that fit an existing category. 106 Coding need consist only of noting categories on margins, but can be done more elaborately (e.g., on cards). It should keep track of the comparison group in which the incident occurs. To this procedure we add the basic, defining rule for the constant comparative method: while coding an incident for a category, compm·e it with the previous incidents in the same and different groups coded in the same category. (...) This constan

ZAERA-POLO, Alejandro (2017): The PostHuman City. Imminent Urban Commons, en Architetural Design; pp. 26-35 28 In the Anthropocene, humans have become capable of modifying natural ecosystems, geological structures, even the climate. They have become so powerful that it is increasingly diffi cult to delimit the natural from the artifi cial. As the most populated human environment, cities are a central focus of these transformations, and are primarily designed around human functions. This, despite the fact that the crucial questions they need to address – air pollution, rising water levels, draught, heat island effect, deforestation, biodiversity, food security, automatised work, inequality – are primarily driven by nonhuman – some would say posthuman – concerns. (...) For cities to address the challenges of the Anthropocene, in which the primeval elements – air, water, energy and earth – have become artifi cial, humanised and politicised, they need to redefi ne themselves a