Steiner, F. (2016). The application of ecological knowledge requires a pursuit of wisdom

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STEINER, Frederick (2016): The application of ecological knowledge requires a pursuit of wisdom
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His most famous book, Design with Nature (McHarg, 1969), includes case examples from both Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd and the Department of Landscape Architecture (and, later, Regional Planning) at The University of Pennsylvania (Penn). Both the firm and the department encompassed an interdisciplinary castof collaborators. At the firm, his partners’ professional backgrounds included city planning, landscape architecture, and architecture. Those fields were present in the department, too, but were augmented with ecologists, a resource economist and forester, a soil scientist, geologists, a visiting climatologist, and an assortment of anthropologists, with an especial emphasis on ethnography and human ecology.

Where might Ian McHarg’s “ecological wisdom” take landscape architecture and city and regional planning moving forward? First, scholars and practitioners should be aware of how ecological science has evolved since McHarg’s time (…)Two of the biggest changes in ecological science, as relevant to designers and planners, since the publication of Design with Nature is the emergence of landscape ecology (Forman & Godron, 1986) and of urban ecology (Grove et al., 2015). Of course, Richard Forman, a major force in both landscape and urban ecology (2014) (Forman, 2014), was influenced by community ecology, as he had been a student of MacArthur’s.
Many of the most significant, twenty-first century challenges for planners and designers are based in urban regions. While McHarg’s regional plans included urban places, his practice generally addressed new developments, such as The Woodlands, or environmental protection plans (see, for instance, the 1976 Lake Austin by Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd). In 1984, two of McHarg’s former students, Anne Whiston Spirn and Michael Hough, published books illustrating the potential for urban design with nature. Both advanced the concept that knowledge about ecology and natural processes could be used in urban design (Hough, 1984; Spirn, 1984). Ecologically based urban design has advanced ever since (for instance, see Palazzo & Steiner, 2011; Steiner, Thompson, & Carbonell, 2016) and has been augmented by new knowledge about the ecology of cities (Grove et al., 2015).
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Beyond protecting people from natural disasters, landscape architects and planners can enhance the ecosystem services produced in urban areas. Ecosystem services include those natural processes that provide, such as the production of food and water; that regulate, such as the control of the climate and disease; that support, such as nutrient cycles and crop production; and that contribute to culture, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. Traditionally, urban developments consume these services. The alternative is for urban places to produce ecosystem services.
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Cities, with their density, already provide many environmental benefits, such as the efficient use of energy and water. Urban places are already ecosystems as they are comprised of flows, networks, corridors, matrices, patterns, nodes, habitats, communities, and a rich variety of interactions. The challenge is to make cities fairer, more sustainable, more resilient, and more productive ecosystems; to create regenerative cities, in which sources of energy and materials are restored, renewed, and revitalized. The ecosystem services concept contributes to our knowledge about landscapes but the question becomes, how do we apply that knowledge wisely? Strategies, such as green infrastructure, represent possible actions. Reflections about practices that employ such strategies will broaden that knowledge base and contribute to healthier and safer communities.

Referencia
Steiner, F. (2016). The application of ecological knowledge requires a pursuit of wisdom. Landscape and Urban Planning, 155, 108–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.015


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