Steiner, F. (2016). The application of ecological knowledge requires a pursuit of wisdom
Ficha de lectura
STEINER,
Frederick (2016): The application of ecological knowledge
requires a pursuit of wisdom
108
His most
famous book, Design with Nature (McHarg, 1969), includes case examples from
both Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd and the Department of Landscape
Architecture (and, later, Regional Planning) at The University of Pennsylvania
(Penn). Both the firm and the department encompassed an interdisciplinary
castof collaborators. At the firm, his partners’ professional backgrounds included
city planning, landscape architecture, and architecture. Those fields were
present in the department, too, but were augmented with ecologists, a resource
economist and forester, a soil scientist, geologists, a visiting climatologist,
and an assortment of anthropologists, with an especial emphasis on ethnography
and human ecology.
Where might
Ian McHarg’s “ecological wisdom” take landscape architecture and city and
regional planning moving forward? First, scholars and practitioners should be
aware of how ecological science has evolved since McHarg’s time (…)Two of the
biggest changes in ecological science, as relevant to designers and planners,
since the publication of Design with
Nature is the emergence of landscape ecology (Forman & Godron, 1986) and
of urban ecology (Grove et al., 2015). Of course, Richard Forman, a major force
in both landscape and urban ecology (2014) (Forman, 2014), was influenced by
community ecology, as he had been a student of MacArthur’s.
Many of the
most significant, twenty-first century challenges for planners and designers
are based in urban regions. While McHarg’s regional plans included urban
places, his practice generally addressed new developments, such as The
Woodlands, or environmental protection plans (see, for instance, the 1976 Lake Austin
by Wallace, McHarg, Roberts, and Todd). In 1984, two of McHarg’s former
students, Anne Whiston Spirn and Michael Hough, published books illustrating
the potential for urban design with nature. Both advanced the concept that
knowledge about ecology and natural processes could be used in urban design
(Hough, 1984; Spirn, 1984). Ecologically based urban design has advanced ever since
(for instance, see Palazzo & Steiner, 2011; Steiner, Thompson, &
Carbonell, 2016) and has been augmented by new knowledge about the ecology of
cities (Grove et al., 2015).
(…)
Beyond
protecting people from natural disasters, landscape architects and planners can
enhance the ecosystem services produced in urban areas. Ecosystem services
include those natural processes that provide, such as the production of food
and water; that regulate, such as the control of the climate and disease; that support,
such as nutrient cycles and crop production; and that contribute to culture, such
as spiritual and recreational benefits. Traditionally, urban developments
consume these services. The alternative is for urban places to produce
ecosystem services.
(…)
Cities,
with their density, already provide many environmental benefits, such as the
efficient use of energy and water. Urban places are already ecosystems as they
are comprised of flows, networks, corridors, matrices, patterns, nodes,
habitats, communities, and a rich variety of interactions. The challenge is to
make cities fairer, more sustainable, more resilient, and more productive ecosystems;
to create regenerative cities, in which sources of energy and materials are
restored, renewed, and revitalized. The ecosystem services concept contributes
to our knowledge about landscapes but the question becomes, how do we apply
that knowledge wisely? Strategies, such as green infrastructure, represent possible
actions. Reflections about practices that employ such strategies will broaden
that knowledge base and contribute to healthier and safer communities.
Referencia
Steiner, F.
(2016). The application of ecological knowledge requires a pursuit of wisdom. Landscape
and Urban Planning, 155, 108–110.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.015
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